AIS Spoofing: Detection and Mitigation Strategies

Understanding AIS Spoofing

Automatic Identification System (AIS) spoofing has emerged as a critical threat to maritime navigation and security. Attackers can broadcast false vessel positions, creating phantom ships or hiding real vessel movements.

Attack Vectors

AIS spoofing can be executed through several methods:

• Software-defined radio (SDR) - Low-cost hardware can transmit spoofed AIS messages
• Compromised AIS transponders - Malware or physical tampering of shipboard equipment
• Shore-based transmitters - High-power transmitters overwhelming legitimate signals

Detection Techniques

Organizations can detect AIS spoofing through:

1. Multi-sensor correlation - Compare AIS data with radar, satellite imagery, and other sensors
2. Anomaly detection - Machine learning models identifying physically impossible movements
3. Signal analysis - RF fingerprinting and signal strength monitoring
4. Behavioral analysis - Pattern recognition for unusual vessel behavior

Mitigation Strategies

# Example: Anomaly detection pseudocode
if vessel_speed > PHYSICAL_MAX_SPEED:
    flag_as_suspicious()

if position_jump > MAX_DISTANCE_PER_INTERVAL:
    trigger_verification()

if multiple_vessels_same_mmsi:
    alert_spoofing_attempt()

Recommendations

Maritime operators should implement layered defenses including redundant positioning systems, continuous monitoring, and integration with vessel traffic services for verification.